All about the Java Programming Language

Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that’s class-based, object-oriented and concurrent. It is designed specifically to have as less implementation dependencies as possible. It’s meant to allow app developers to ‘write once, run anywhere’. This means that compiled Java code could run on all platforms supporting Java with no need for recompilation.

THE ORIGIN OF JAVA

Introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1995, Java instantly created a new sense of interactive possibilities of the web. Both major web browsers include the Java virtual machine. Nearly all major operating system developers, such as Microsoft, IBM and others added Java compilers as part of product offerings. The virtual machine includes an optional just-in-time compiler that compiles byte code into executable code in a dynamic manner as an option to interpreting one byte code instruction at a time. In most instance, the dynamic compilation is faster compared to the virtual machine interpretation.

The programming language evolved from a language called Oak. Oak was developed in the early 90’s at Sun Microsystems as a platform-independent language that is aimed in allowing entertainment appliances like VCRs and video game language to communicate. Oak was changed to Java. The excitement of the web attracted software vendors like Java, a development tools from a lot of vendors became available quickly. The same excitement has provided the need for numerous developers to discover Java and its many great features.

The language is expressly designed for use in a distributed environment of the web. It was designed to have the feel and look of C++, but simpler to use and enforces an object-oriented programming model.

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF JAVA

1. The programs created are portable in a network. The source program is compiled into byte code that could be run anywhere in a network on a server or client with a Java virtual machine. The virtual machine interprets the byte code into code that runs on a real computer hardware. This means that differences in individual computer platform, like instruction lengths could be locally determined and accommodated just as the program is executed. Platform-specific versions of a program are not required anymore.

2. Java is object-oriented, meaning that among other characteristics, an object could take advantage of being a part of inherit code and class of objects that’s common to the class. Objects are considered ‘nouns’ that a user could relate to instead of the traditional procedural ‘verbs’. A method could be considered as one of the behaviors or capabilities of an object.

3. The Java code is robust, which means that unlike programs that are written in C++ and maybe some other languages, Java objects could contain no data external references to themselves or other know objects. This ascertains that an instruction could not have the address of data storage in another app or in the operating system itself, either which could cause the program and maybe even the operating system to crash or terminate.

SIGNIFICANT LANGUAGE FEATURES

Rich Standard Library – One of the most attractive features of Java is the standard library. The Java environment has hundreds of methods and classes in six key functional areas.
Platform Independence – Java compilers don’t produce native object bode for a certain platform but instead ‘byte code’ instructions for the JVM or Java Virtual Machine. Making the code work on a certain platform is just a matter of writing byte code interpreter for simulating a JVM. This means that the same compile byte code would run on any platform that supports Java unmodified.
Language support classes – for advanced language features like arrays, strings, threads and exception handling.
Applet Interface – Aside from being able to build stand-alone apps, developers of Java could create programs that could be downloaded form a web page and could be run on a client browser.
Familiar C++ like Syntax – One of the factors that enable fast Java adoption is the similarity of the Java syntax to the popular C++ programming language.
Garbage collection – The programming language does not require programmers to free dynamically allocated memory explicitly. This makes the program easier to write as well as less prone to memory errors.
JAVA AND JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript should not be confused with Java. JavaScript originated at Netscape and is interpreted at a higher level and easier to learn than Java. However, it lacks some portability of Java and the byte code speed. As Java applets would run on nearly any operating system without recompilation and since Java does not have operating system-unique variations or extensions, Java in general is considered as the most strategic language for developing web applications. Nevertheless, JavaScript could be useful for very small apps that run on the web server or client server.

Top Advantages of Institute Management System for Schools and Colleges

Institute management system serves every person who is associated with the process of academics. It is essential for the administrators who regulate all the operations of the institution and also for the staffs, students, and teachers who help in the day to day running of all the projects. The institution management software offers some rules or guidelines which enable the administrators of the schools and colleges in smoothly running the institution. The system is quite cost-saving as well as efficient. There are several other advantages that the system offers to the management of various institutions. Stated below are some of the vital benefits that the users can derive from this software:

Daily Productivity Increases: Using the institution management software, the administrators of schools and colleges can save a lot of effort and time in organizing data. This helps in the proper management of the institution and also enhances their productivity of work.
Technology Rules: There has been an unmatched growth in the field of education. Today students are using tablets and smartphones to avail the advantages of a virtual classroom. Thus, the administration of the institutions has also gone through this transition and the use of institution management system has enabled them to overcome many challenges quite easily.
Lesser Paper Work and Reduction in Workload of Teachers: The advanced solutions of this software have reduced the paperwork of the teachers to a great extent. Most of their functions get fully automated via this easy process.
The Connection of Various Campuses and Departments: The software for educational institutions is equipped with excellent ways via which it can manage multiple campuses of the same institution. Its powerful technology connects the various departments of the institution at an integrated platform.
Enables Easy Access from The Palm: This management system is both a mobile-based and web application which enables centralized storage of data. The students, administrators, teachers and even parents can get access to this data at any point of time via their Android and iPhone devices.
Learning Of Students Gets Deepened: The software is backed by SaaS-based technology. This technology offers scalability, integrations, and customizations which ensure that the institution gets managed by the most advanced Thus, students get to learn their subjects in more depth and have a clear idea about what they are learning from their syllabi.
Higher Performance And Employee Satisfaction: Software for educational institutions lead to better allocation of work among the various staffs working in schools and colleges. As a result of this, there is optimization of resources and the management of the institution gets handled in a comprehensive and unique manner.
Smarter Decision Making: This automated software solution enables the management to make prompt and well-planned decisions regarding important matters. Various aspects of the institution like admission, fees, timetable, examination, reporting, etc. get organized in a systematic manner via the use of this technology. This facilitates easy and smart decision making as the analysis and access to data gets simplified to a huge extent.
Economical: The incorporation of this smart technology helps in saving a lot of time and money on the part of the management. Administrative costs get reduced to a great extent which can be instead utilized for improving the success of the students.
Thus, the management system for institutions overall focuses on enhancing the quality of the system of education and also enables in the accomplishment of academic goals within specified cost and time parameters.

EV Fuses – Special Requirements for Electric Mobility

Electrical vehicles are gaining popularity and market shares stronger than ever before. Especially hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV) are being sold in high quantities lately, but also purely battery electric vehicles (BEV) are considered having good prospects. This is not only explained by falling material costs and subsidies, but also by the growing environmental awareness of the people.

Protecting Essential Electric Components

Just as every other car, electrical vehicles contain electrical components which need to be protected from dangerous overcurrent and short circuits. On top of these lower-voltage components, EVs also have high voltage DC parts like high-capacity battery packs, power conversion devices, air conditioning and other auxiliary circuits. Being direct current, fuses for these applications must meet special requirements for a safe and reliable operation.

The same applies to EV fast charging stations which are able to deliver high DC currents. They are an important pillar of e-mobility and the appropriate protection is important for making them reliable and available.

Unfortunately, currently there is only a very limited number of international standards defining the fuse selection for EVs and charging stations. Thus, EV or charging equipment manufacturers tend to use “off-the-rack” semiconductor or even AC fuses by only looking for the needed current/voltage rating. These may be less expensive than proper DC fuses and work well for the purpose they have been designed for, but do not meet automotive requirements at all. Considering the high value of the high voltage EV components such as battery packs, they should be protected the best way possible. It is reasonable to spend a little more on the correct fuse than having your expensive equipment damaged in case of a fault current that the cheaper, wrongly selected fuse couldn’t handle.

Special Requirements in a Special Application Field

Since they are built into moving vehicles, EV fuses must follow automotive standards. As long as there is no explicit standard, current general standards should be applied as close as possible, for example ISO 8820-8 and JASO D622. These concern fuse links for road vehicles in general and “Automotive parts – Bolt-in type high-voltage fuse-links”, respectively.

When the aforementioned standards were established, BEVs were not yet considered. They only cover the use of fuse links with a rated voltage of 450 VDC, which is enough for HEVs, but not for higher-voltage circuits found in BEVs. As a result, fuses have to comply with even higher requirements than these standards. These requirements are generally self-defined and self-tested by the fuse manufacturers or in accordance with the customer’s wishes.

The aR characteristics found in many ready-made fuses don’t provide the needed electrical requirements, as it lacks overcurrent protection. To prevent long-term damage on electrical equipment, the fuses must have relative low minimum interrupting ratings of about 1.3 times of the rated current. A high breaking capacity serves the purpose of withstanding and breaking short-time short circuit currents.

Also the construction has to be customized into the automotive environment. The limited space favors compact fuse formats which have high capacities to withstand mechanical stresses and still have the required electrical properties. Instead of ceramic fuse bodies, whose mechanical hardness doesn’t suffice, laminated glass fiber bodies provide a steady shape to integrate the fuse in. For highest precision and an ideal arc quenching, fuse elements completely made of silver are recommended. Contact links made of silver-plated copper conduct the energy with a low power dissipation.

Providing Protection Equipment and Support for Customers

Fortunately, there are fuse manufacturers supplying customers with application-oriented EV fuses matching for different situations. Not uncommonly, they also provide their customers with guides or assistance at choosing the right fuse. For them it is also more easily possible to fulfill the clients’ wishes than for companies only offering mass-produced goods.

Considering the expected market growth of electric vehicles, the demand for mandatory guidelines on using EV fuses is already noticeable in the industry. It is just a question of time that an international standard will be established. Possibly, it will be based on the existing JASO D622 and ISO 8820 standards. So manufacturers such as ADLER, who already design their EV fuses according to these standards, are paving the way for a practical worldwide standard.